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Although these situations are often resolved after termination of exposure antibiotic abuse 500 mg tetracycline buy, untoward penalties of those conditions may occur with prolonged publicity together with shortened stature due to antibiotic viral infection generic tetracycline 250 mg amex effects of estrogens 0157 infection order tetracycline 250 mg without a prescription, thegrowthplatesofthelongbones antibiotic resistance lab report tetracycline 500 mg buy mastercard,andsexual�socialbehaviorthat is inappropriate for chronological age of the kid (Wacharasindhu et al. Concerns even have been expressed that untimely thelarche might enhance the likelihood of growing ailments such as breast most cancers and endometriosis. Numerous human studies have examined the relationships between environmental elements and human puberty. Many studies have proven a constructive relation between body fat and onset of the expansion spurt, breast improvement, or menarche (Battaglia et al. Rodent Models of Puberty Rodents present important animal fashions within the examine of the genetic and environmental elements that regulate puberty. Toxicants can alter puberty as a consequence of in utero, lactational, or pubertal exposures. Comprehensive reviews describing the toxicology of puberty in rodents are discovered elsewhere (Goldman et al. However, therapies that scale back progress by 10% or less have little impact on the attainment of the male and female pubertal landmarks. In addition, the handled females display a persistent vaginal thread after puberty. Conversely, prenatal antiandrogen treatments can lead to the formation of a decrease vaginal "pouch"intreatedmalerats(Grayetal. Androgensplaya key position in pubertal maturation in young males, and antiandrogens suchasvinclozolin(Monossonetal. For instance, vinclozolin treatment delayed pubertal maturation, and retarded sex accessory gland and epididymal growth (at 30 and a hundred mg/kg/day) (Monosson et al. Necropsy measurements embody serum thyroid hormones, and uterine and ovarian weight and histology. Recently, in studies from completely different laboratories the pubertal feminine assay was found to be extremely reproducible and really delicate to sure endocrine actions together with estrogenicity, inhibition of steroidogenesis, and antithyroid exercise (Gray et al. Intact weanling males are uncovered to the check substance for about 30 days, the age at puberty is decided and reproductive tissues are evaluated and serum taken for optional hormonal analyses. This assay produced reproducible responses amongst different labs and was sensitive to androgens, antiandrogens, inhibitors of steroidogenesis, and antithyroid exercise. Throughout puberty and into adulthood, the sex accessory glands and different androgen-dependent tissues. During pubertal maturation, there are gradual adjustments in serum concentrations of testosterone (T) and of its metabolite 5-androstanediol. T concentrations begin to enhance, nonetheless, as 5-reductase exercise decreases within the Leydig cells, resulting in higher serum T concentrations than androstanediol in older rats. Hypothalamic neuroendocrine neurons secrete specific releasing or release-inhibiting components into the hypophyseal portal system, which carries them to the adenohypophysis, the place they act to stimulate or inhibit the discharge of anterior pituitary hormones. The neuroendocrine neurons have nerve terminals containing monoamines (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin) that impinge on them. These steroids then provide feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary to regulate gonadotropin manufacturing (see the section "Ovarian Function"). After delivery, many undergo atresia, and those who survive are continuously decreased in number. Any chemical that damages the oocytes will accelerate the depletion of the pool and may lead to lowered fertility in females. About one-half of the numbers of oocytes current at delivery stay at puberty; the number is reduced to about 25,000 by 30 years of age. During the approximately three many years of fecundity, follicles in varied phases of development can all the time be found. After menopause, follicles are not present within the ovary (Knobil and Neill,1994). Follicles stay in a major follicle stage following birth till puberty, when a quantity of follicles begin to grow during each ovarian cycle. For the follicles that continue to grow, the primary occasion is a rise in measurement of the primary oocytes. The first meiotic division happens within the ovary just before ovulation, and the second occurs simply after the sperm fuses with the egg. Before separation, the homologous pairs of chromosomes trade genetic materials by a course of generally identified as crossing over. Subsequent meiotic levels distribute the members of the tetrads to the daughter cells in such a way that each cell receives the haploid number of chromosomes. At telophase, one secondary oocyte and a polar physique are formed, which are now not genetically identical. The secondary oocyte enters the subsequent cycle of division very quickly; every chromosome splits longitudinally; the ovum and the three polar our bodies now comprise the haploid number of chromosomes and half the amount of genetic materials. Although the nuclei of all four eggs are equal, the cytoplasm is split unequally. The finish products are one giant ovum and three rudimentary ova (polar bodies), which subsequently degenerate. The ovum is released from the ovary on the secondary oocyte stage; the second stage of meiotic division is triggered within the oviduct by the entry of the sperm. Toxicants have an result on ovarian histology inducing quite a lot of lesions, together with polyovular follicles, oocyte depletion, interstitial cell hyperplasia, corpora albanicans, and absence of corpora lutea. In addition, ovarian tissue can be cultured ex vivo after in vivo remedy or in vitro at different phases of the estrous cycle or during being pregnant to assess theirsteroidogeniccapacity(BermanandLaskey,1993;Grayetal. Busulfan has been utilized in very high doses and in combination with other medicine to destroy the bone marrow in preparation for a bone marrow transplant. It may interfere with the conventional menstrual cycles in ladies and block sperm manufacturing in males. In the rat, busulfan produces an identical profile of reproductive effects, with essentially the most dramatic occurring in utero. In rodents, endocrine perform throughout maturity could be altered by prenatal publicity to fetal germ cell toxicants. Administration of busulfan (10 mg/kg ip 5 to 7 days before birth) particularly inhibits germ cell development(HemsworthandJackson,1963)inrats. In addition to these reproductive results, brain weight was decreased in both sexes of all dosage groups, despite the very fact that body and other nonreproductive organ weights were solely affected within the high-dose group (10 mg). Even although the gonads of both sexes were affected at comparable dosage levels, fertility and gonadal hormone manufacturing had been much more easily disrupted in female than male offspring as a end result of the steroid producing cells in the ovary fail to differentiate in the absence of the oocyte. Hence, the lack of oocytes within the feminine progeny results in an absence of estrous cyclicity and the spontaneous display of feminine mating conduct at proestrus. However, this classification is of little significance because in their absence, ovarian thecal and granulosa cell endocrine functions are severely impaired. In addition to busulfan, a quantity of environmental chemical compounds have been shown to disrupt ovarian improvement and oocyte numbers within the rat or mouse. Oral administration of a variety of the benzidinebased dyes on 8 to 12 days of being pregnant within the mouse or rat produces reproductive results within the feminine offspring much like those seen with the lower dose levels of busulfan, albeit at much greater doselevels(1g/kg/day)(GrayandKelce,1996). Low levels of occupational publicity have been measured in the course of the production and use of 1,3-butadiene. These female intercourse steroids determine ovulation and put together the female accessory sex organs to receive the male sperm. The conceptus then returns from the oviducts to the uterus and implants into the endometrium. Decreased Site of action is ovary or hypothalamus/pituitary this axis can be disrupted, resulting in infertility at any degree of the endocrine system. Postovarian Processes Female accessory sex organs function to deliver together the ovulated ovum and the ejaculated sperm. Oviducts the oviducts provide the taxis of the fimbriae, which is underneath muscular control. The involvement of the autonomic nervous system on this process, in addition to in oviductal transport of both the male and female gametes, raises the chance that drugs recognized to alter the autonomic nervous system could alter perform and due to this fact fertility. The progression of the fertilized eggs through the oviduct and uterus is beneath hormonal regulation and chemical substances such as the estrogens can stimulate oviductal transport and intrude with uterine endometrial perform, precluding implantation (Cummings and Perreault, 1990).

Peak paralytic activity was found between 60 and 100 kDa bacteria quotes 500 mg tetracycline discount otc, and was a trimer of a neurotoxic protein subunit of 23 kDa (Crause et al infection 2 hacked buy generic tetracycline 250 mg online. The venom is concentrated within the intracellular granules antimicrobial insoles tetracycline 250 mg cheap line, discharged into vacuoles of the cytoplasm of the secretory cells antibiotic beads for osteomyelitis tetracycline 500 mg purchase with mastercard, and moved by exocytosis into the lumen of the gland; from thence ducts carry the venom to the jaws (M�nez et al. Centipede venoms comprise high-molecular-weight proteins, proteinases, esterases, 5-hydroxytryptamine, histamine, lipids, and polysaccharides (Mebs, 2002). Such venom incorporates a heat-labile cardiotoxic protein of 60 kDa that produces, in humans, modifications related to acetylcholine release (Gomes et al. The bite produces two tiny punctures, sharp ache, instant bleeding, redness, and swelling typically lasting for twenty-four hours. Localized tissue adjustments and necrosis have been reported, and severe envenomations could cause nausea and vomiting, changes in coronary heart rate, vertigo, and headache. Ticks Many of the approximately 900 species of ticks are related to disease in humans and wild and domesticated animals (Rash and Hodgson, 2002; Barker and Murrell, 2004; Steen et al. The saliva of certain ticks of the households Ixodidae, Argasidae, and Nuttalliellidae causes tick paralysis. Saliva from the salivarium flows outward initially and the blood meal flows inward afterward. Ticks are known to transmit the organisms inflicting Lyme illness, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, babesiosis, leptospirosis, Q fever, ehrlichiosis, typhus, tick-borne encephalitis, and others. In reality, the import of immunosuppression by tick saliva in the transmission of flaviviruses has been mentioned (Nuttall and Labuda, 2003). In Australia and New Guinea notably, the repellent secretions expelled from the sides of their bodies contain a toxin of benzoquinone derivatives plus quite a lot of complex substances corresponding to iodine and hydrocyanic acid, which the animal makes use of to produce hydrogen cyanide (Kuwahara et al. The lesions produced by millipedes include a burning or prickling sensation and growth of a yellowish or brown-purple lesion; subsequently, a blister containing serosanguinous fluid varieties, which may rupture. Eye contact can cause acute conjunctivitis, periorbital edema, keratosis, and far pain; such an harm must be treated immediately (Russell, 2001). These are elongated bugs with freely movable, cone-shaped heads, and straight beaks. The mostly concerned species seem to be Triatoma protracta, Triatoma rubida, Triatoma magista, Reduvius personatus, and Arilus cristatus. Three peptides isolated from the saliva of predatory reduviids are 34 to 36 amino acid residues in dimension, are calcium channel blockers just like -conotoxins, and belong to the four-loop disulfide bridge scaffold structural class (Corzo et al. The bites of Triatoma species are painful and provides rise to erythema, pruritus, increased temperature in the bitten part, localized swelling, and-in these allergic to the saliva-systemic reactions similar to nausea and vomiting and angioedema. The water-dwelling true bugs are of at least three households, Naucoridae, Belostomatidae, and Notonectidae, which are capable of biting and envenomating people (Russell, 2001). Lethocerus americanus, a Belostomatidae, ranges in size from 12 to 70 mm, however some water bugs could reach one hundred fifty mm. The dorsal facet is usually tan or brown, however it could be brightly colored, while the ventral aspect is brown. They are very robust insects and may immobilize snails, tadpoles, salamanders, and even small fish and water snakes. Water bug saliva is claimed to comprise digestive enzymes, neurotoxic parts, and hemolytic fractions. If molested, water bugs will chew, and their bites give rise to quick ache, some localized swelling, and probably induration and formation of a small papule. Within 12 to 24 hours, the fluid turns into purulent and the lesion turns right into a pustule. In multiple stings, there may be nausea, vomiting, vertigo, increased perspiration, respiratory difficulties, cyanosis, coma, and even demise. Allergic reactions and fatal anaphylactic shock are seen in sensitized victims (Hoffman, 2006). Treatment of ant stings relies on the variety of bites, on whether or not an allergic response is concerned, and on whether there are potential problems. Apidae (Bees) this household contains the bumble bees, honeybees, carpenter bees, and yellow jackets. The commonest stinging bees are Apis mellifera and the Africanized bee, Apis mellifera adansonii, and the incidence of Hymenoptera poisonings is growing. The venom contains biologically lively peptides, similar to melittin, apamine, mast cell�degranulating peptide, and others, in addition to phospholipases A2 and B, hyaluronidase, histamine, dopamine, monosaccharides, and lipids (Mebs, 2002). Melittin, which is secreted as the 70 amino acid prepromelittin, consists of 26 amino acids with no cysteines which have pure detergent-like properties and causes erythrocyte lysis. Melittin additionally types tetramers with pores, thereby facilitating ion transport via membranes. In particular, melittin tetramers trigger a breakdown of the resting potential and speedy depolarization of nociceptors, which induces pain (Demsey, 1990; Bechinger, 1997). The compound apamine incorporates 18 amino acids cross-linked by two disulfide bridges. Apamine is a blocker of calcium-dependent potassium channels and is assumed to be the "deadly factor" (Habermann, 1984). In addition to apamine, mast cell�degranulating peptide can also be a primary peptide containing 22 amino acids with two disulfide bonds. Besides stimulating launch of histamine, this peptide specifically inhibits voltage-dependent potassium channels (Dreyer, 1990; Baku, 1999). Bee stings usually produce immediate, sharp or burning ache, slight native erythema, and edema followed by itching. It is alleged that 50 stings could be serious and result in respiratory dysfunction, intravascular hemolysis, hypertension, myocardial injury, hepatic changes, shock, and renal failure. Most ants have stings, however those who lack them can spray a defensive secretion from the tip of the gaster, which is usually positioned within the wound of the chew. Ants of the completely different species differ considerably in size, ranging from less than 1. Clinically essential stinging ants are the harvesting ants (Pagonomyrmex), hearth ants (Solenopsis), and little fire ants (Ochetomyrmex). The harvester ants are giant purple, dark brown, or black ranging in size from 6 to 10 mm and having fringes of lengthy hairs on the posterior of their heads (Russell, 2001). The venoms of the Ponerinae, Ecitoninae, and Pseudomyrmex are proteinaceous in character. The Myrmicinae venoms are a combination of amines, enzymes, and proteinaceous materials, histamine, hyaluronidase, phospholipase A, and hemolysins, which hemolyze erythrocytes and mast cells. Fire ant venoms are poor in polypeptides and proteins, but are rich in alkaloids such as solenopsin (Russell, 2001; Mebs, 2002). These venoms comprise a excessive content of peptides, which include mastoparan in wasps and hornets and crabolin from hornet venom. These peptides launch histamine from mast cells and encompass thirteen to 17 amino acids with no disulfide bridges. Other peptides named wasp kinins trigger quick ache, vasodilation, and elevated vascular permeability leading to edema. These venoms additionally comprise phospholipases and hyaluronidases, which contribute to the breakdown of membranes and connective tissue to facilitate diffusion of the venom. These proteins also contribute to the allergenicity of the venoms (Mebs, 2002; Hoffman, 2006). Both the larvae and the adults are capable of stinging, both by direct contact with the setae or not directly when the creature turns into irritated. The poisonous material found in the venom glands accommodates aristolochic acids, cardenolides, kallikrein, and histamine among other substances. Fibrinolytic activity has been present in 16 and 18 kDa components (isoelectric level of 8. The spicules of Thaumetopoea pityocampa comprise a 28-kDa toxin known as thaumetopoein, which is a strong dermal irritant and extremely allergenic peptide (Kawamoto and Kumada, 1984; Russell, 2001; Mebs, 2002). In some components of the world, the stings of several species of Lepidoptera give rise to a bleeding diathesis, typically extreme and typically fatal. Envenomation by members of the family Saturniidae, the buck moths, the grapeleaf skeletonizer (family Zygaenidae), the puss moth (family Megalopygidae), and the brown-tailed moth (Euproctis species) usually gives rise to little greater than immediate localized itching and pain, usually described as burning, adopted in some instances by urticaria, edema, and sometimes fever.

Brevetoxins are quickly absorbed and distributed throughout the physique antibiotics side effects 500 mg tetracycline discount fast delivery, and are metabolized within the liver bacteria types of bacteria tetracycline 250 mg buy on-line. They are primarily eliminated in the bile within the first forty eight hours antimicrobial news tetracycline 250 mg generic, however urinary excretion performs a role after this time as properly (Watkins et al common antibiotics used for sinus infection generic tetracycline 250 mg visa. Tetrodotoxin is a potent sodium channel blocker; it reduces the membrane excitability and blocks the conduction of nerve impulse, thereby inflicting muscle paralysis. Symptoms of toxicity include perioral paresthesia (burning or prickling sensation) that will unfold to the entire physique, and could probably be adopted by vomiting, lightheadedness, dizziness. In non-fatal poisoning, signs often begin inside half-hour after publicity and fully resolve within 24 hours after onset. In fatal circumstances, progression is precipitous, with demise due to respiratory muscle paralysis occurring within 6 hours after onset of symptoms. Scombroid poisoning is exclusive among the seafood toxins because it outcomes from product mishandling rather than contamination from different trophic ranges (Hungerford, 2010). It is usually caused by the consumption of fish (Scombroidae family) with high histamine levels, similar to tuna, mackerel, blue fish, sardines, anchovies, and mahi-mahi. Thus, such histamine-induced reactions are often misdiagnosed as IgE-mediated fish allergy. Symptoms of toxicity embrace tingling and burning sensations across the mouth, headache, facial flushing, palpitations, profuse sweating, truncal rash and pruritis, belly cramps, nausea, and diarrhea. In most people, these signs are self-limiting, but circulatory collapse, shock, and acute pulmonary edema have been described in extreme instances (Kerr and Parke, 1998; Becker et al. Because more than 80% of fish consumed in the United States is now imported from other countries, the disease is intimately linked with the worldwide fish trade (Feng et al. Ciguatoxin Ciguatoxin group of poisons include ciguatera toxin, gambiertoxin, and maitotoxin. Gambiertoxin produced by the dinoflagellate is biotransformed by the fish to produce ciguatera toxin. These dinoflagellates are consumed by small herbivorous fishes that are, in flip, consumed by large carnivorous fishes. Ciguatoxins open voltage-gated sodium channels on the neuromuscular junction, leading to membrane hyperexcitability, spontaneous repetitive neurotransmitter release, blockage of synaptic transmission, and depletion of synaptic vesicles. In severe circumstances the signs may begin as soon as half-hour after ingestion of contaminated fish, while in milder cases they might be delayed for 24 to forty eight hours. Symptoms may final even for months and the administration of mannitol within 24 hours of consumption relieves some symptoms (Dickey and Plakas, 2010). Palytoxin Palytoxin is produced by the zoantharians of the genus Palythoa (cnidarians found in coral reefs). Fishes and crabs living in shut association with or eating this mass could turn out to be contaminated with palytoxin. Palytoxin has been reported in mackerel, parrotfish, and a quantity of other species of crabs. Within a quantity of hours, signs embrace myoglobinuria, a burning sensation around the mouth and extremities, muscle spasms, paresthesia, bradycardia, dyspnea (labored breathing), and dysphonia (difficulty in speaking). Some Microbial Contaminants in Food Food-related sicknesses ensuing from microbial contamination can pose a severe menace to public well being. However, the precise frequency may be significantly larger as a outcome of (1) an outbreak is assessed as such only when the source can be identified as affecting two or more people and (2) most home poisonings are gentle or have a long incubation time and are subsequently not related to the ingested meals, and go unreported. Exotoxins improve bacterial virulence, and are further subdivided in accordance with their mode of motion, such as emetic toxins that trigger extreme vomiting; enterotoxins that trigger diarrhea; cytotoxins that kill host cells; neurotoxins that intrude with normal transmission of nerve impulse. Table 27-10 lists some necessary foodborne bacterial exotoxins and their mode of action in inflicting toxicity. Humans have background publicity to endotoxins by the oral and inhalation route, which can vary significantly depending on the dwelling and dealing circumstances (Madsen, 2006; Inagawa et al. Stimulation of the afferent vagal neurocircuit triggers the vomiting heart within the hindbrain Stimulates the efflux of ions and water from intestinal epithelial cells. Binds to the claudin receptors (tight junction membrane proteins) on enterocytes, types giant complex that varieties pores within the membrane, causes a robust influx of calcium, and apoptotic cell dying. The similar mechanism can additionally be utilized by ricin in castor beans Interferes with normal transmission of nerve impulse by blocking neurotransmitter. The data provided within the e-book is abbreviated and general in nature, and is meant for sensible use. In the next narrative, a few of the microbial contaminants in food are briefly discussed. Foods associated with botulinum toxin embrace improperly canned low-acid meals. An growing supply of poisonings is from the usage of flavored oils or oil infusion, most typically in garlic-in-oil preparations. All Clostridia are gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobes, they usually produce a total of seven serotypically and antigenically distinct botulinum neurotoxins (serotypes A�G) (Rossetto et al. Botulinum toxin is neurotoxic that intrude with neural transmission by blocking the release of acetylcholine at peripheral nerve endings, causing muscle paralysis. Clinical sickness is characterized by cranial nerve palsies, followed by descending flaccid muscle paralysis, which might involve the muscular tissues of respiration. The toxins are heat-labile (may be rendered harmless at 80�C to 100�C for 5 to 10 minutes) but the spores are among the most heat-resistant. Current methods for detecting botulinum toxin embody a mouse bioassay and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, with the mouse bioassay being the accepted normal. Virtually all food poisoning is produced by sort A strain, although a particularly extreme type (a necrotic enteritis known as "pig-bel" among indigenous peoples of the New Guinea highlands or in Germany generally recognized as "Darmbrand") is produced by the type C strain, which has a mortality price of 15% to 25% even with therapy. The toxin is often trypsin-sensitive, but individuals with low intakes of protein or who consume trypsin-inactivating meals. This is manifested by abdominal cramping and diarrhea; diarrhea happens within eight to 16 hours. The emetic toxin (a cyclic oligopeptide) is pre-formed in food, and the enterotoxins (proteins) are produced within the small gut of the host (Granum and Lund, 1997). The emetic thermostable toxin (surviving 259�F for ninety minutes) known as cerulide (a small cyclic peptide, 1. The diarrheagenic thermolabile toxin (surviving 133�F for 20 minutes) is produced by serotypes 1, 2, 6, eight, 10, and 19 and can also be produced in situ within the decrease gut of the host. The diarrheal type may very well consist of three toxins, certainly one of which is hemolytic (Granum, 2006). Foods associated with this organism and its poisonous properties include boiled and fried rice (principally the emetic form), while the diarrheal type has a wider occurrence and may be present in meats, stews, pudding, sauces, dairy products, vegetable dishes, soups, and meat loaf (Granum and Lund, 1997; Crane, 1999). The meals related to the two varieties considerably replicate the geographic distribution of the types. For example, the emetic kind predominates in Japan, whereas in North America and Europe, the diarrhea sort is most often seen. Evidence is accumulating that other species of Bacillus could elaborate food toxins, together with B. This has been approved for addition to swine, bovine, poultry, and rabbit feed in the European communities (Kotsonis and Burdoch, 2013). Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcal intoxication includes staphyloenterotoxicosis and staphylococcus meals poisoning. Sources of Staphylococcus embrace nose and throat discharges, hands and skin, contaminated cuts, wounds, burns, boils, pimples, acne, and feces. Other reservoirs embody mastitis in the udders of cows and ewes (responsible for contamination of unpasteurized milk) and arthritic and bruised tissues of poultry. Foods usually are contaminated after cooking by persons cutting, slicing, chopping, or in any other case handling them, after which preserving them at room temperature for several hours or storing them in large containers. Foods related to staphylococcal poisoning embrace cooked ham, meat products together with poultry and dressing, sauces and gravy, cream-filled pastry, potatoes, ham, poultry, fish salads, milk, cheese, bread pudding, and generally high-protein leftover foods (Kotsonis and Burdoch, 2013). Hence, most outbreaks within the United States have been associated with hamburgers and different beef merchandise, though uncooked greens (often fertilized with manure) and unpasteurized apple cider and juice have been reported as sources of outbreaks. Outbreaks in Europe are extra usually related to contamination of leisure waters (swimming swimming pools, lakes, etc. Other sources of contamination embody person-to-person contact (especially in families and amongst institutionalized persons) and make contact with with cattle particularly following instructional farm visits (Karch et al.

Local particle deposition patterns may play a key function in the improvement of lung most cancers oral antibiotics for acne effectiveness buy cheap tetracycline 250 mg. Three-dimensional model for aerosol transport and deposition in increasing and contracting alveoli bacteria killing foods 250 mg tetracycline cheap with mastercard. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of xenobiotic natural compounds in the presence of aqueous suspensions of aggregates of nano-C(60) antibiotic word parts tetracycline 500 mg cheap on line. In vivo toxicity of silver nanoparticles and silver ions in Zebrafish (Danio rerio) antibiotic journal pdf 250 mg tetracycline discount with mastercard. Silver nanoparticles and silver nitrate cause respiratory stress in Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis). Potential role of the inflammasome-derived inflammatory cytokines in pulmonary fibrosis. Temporal monitoring of differentiated human airway epithelial cells using microfluidics. 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